Will We Run out of Helium One Day

Helium is the second-lightest element. Although it is rare on Earth, you likely have encountered it in helium-filled balloons. Its the most widely used of the inert gases, utilized in arc welding, diving, growing silicon crystals, and as a coolant in MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners. In addition to being rare, helium is (mostly) not a renewable resource. The helium that we have was produced by the radioactive decay of rock, long ago. Over the span of hundreds of millions of years, the gas accumulated and was released by tectonic plate movement, where it found its way into natural gas deposits and as a dissolved gas in groundwater. Once the gas leaks into the atmosphere, it is light enough to escape the Earths gravitational field so it bleeds off into space, never to return. We may run out of helium within 25–30 years because its being consumed so freely. Why We Could Run out of Helium Why would such a valuable resource be squandered? Basically, its because the price of helium does not reflect its value. Most of the worlds supply of helium is held by the United States National Helium Reserve, which was mandated to sell off all of its stockpile by 2015, regardless of price. This was based on a 1996 law, the Helium Privatization Act, which was intended to help the government recoup the cost of building up the reserve. Though the uses of helium multiplied, the law had not been revisited, so by 2013 much of the planets stockpile of helium was sold at an extremely low price. In 2013, the U.S. Congress did re-examine the law, ultimately passing a bill, the Helium Stewardship Act, aimed at maintaining the helium reserves. Theres More Helium Than We Once Thought Recent research indicates theres more helium, particularly in groundwater, than scientists previously estimated. Also, although the process is extremely slow, ongoing radioactive decay of natural uranium and other radioisotopes does generate additional helium. Thats the good news. The bad news is that it will require more money and new technology to recover the element. The other bad news is that there isnt going to be helium that we can get from the planets near us because those planets also exert too little gravity to hold the gas. Perhaps at some point, we may find a way to mine the element from gas giants further out in the solar system. Why We Arent Running out of Hydrogen If helium is so lightweight that it escapes Earths gravity, you may be wondering about whether we may run out of hydrogen. Even though hydrogen forms chemical bonds with itself to make H2 gas, its still lighter than even one helium atom. The reason we will not run out is that hydrogen forms bonds with other atoms besides itself. The element is bound into water molecules and organic compounds. Helium, on the other hand, is a noble gas with a stable electron shell structure. Since it doesnt form chemical bonds, it isnt preserved in compounds.

Taking Life for Granted in The Necklace, My Left Foot,...

Many people take life for granted every day. Many of the characters in the stories we have read often do this. In â€Å"The Necklace†, Mathilda does this by always thinking of herself and nobody else. My Left Foot shows how Christy Brown never takes his life for granted, and by doing this it helped him overcome his disabilities. In the story Our Town not taking life for granted is one of the main themes, such as when Emily dies and George becomes very upset about it. In the story My Left Foot, Christy Brown was diagnosed at the age of three with cerebral palsy. Many people began to give up on him, but his mother did not. She told everyone that they were all wrong and that he was a normal child. She worked with Christy every†¦show more content†¦She thinks that she deserves better and is too good for the life she has. She finally gets her wish one day when she is invited to a ball. She was very excited about it, but did not have the things to wear, so her husb and gave her money to buy a dress. She also went and borrowed a very nice necklace from her neighbor. While she was at the ball she had a great time, but when she went to leave she could not find the necklace anywhere. She went and told her neighbor and told her she would pay her back. In order to pay her neighbor back, her husband had to get another job and she had to get one herself. After ten years, she and her husband had finally saved up enough money to pay back the neighbor for the necklace. This story is ironic because at first she is a middle class women who thinks she deserves to be in the upper part of society, but at the end of the story she is in the lower class of society because her and her husband had to spend all of their money to pay back the neighbors for the necklace only to find out it wasn’t even worth that much. The story, Our Town, is about a boy and a girl whose names are George and Emily. They both grew up together in a small town called Grover ’s Corners, New Hampshire. After they have grown up, George and Emily get married. They had been married for nine years when Emily, George’s wife, dies from childbirth difficulties whileShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 PagesThey do not feel any enmity against me as an individual, nor I against them. They are ‘only doing their duty’, as the saying goes. Most of them, I have no doubt, are kind-hearted lawabiding men who would never dream of committing murder in private life. On the other hand, if one of them succeeds in blowing me to pieces with a well-placed bomb, he will never sleep any the worse for it. He is serving his country, which has the power to absolve him from evil. One cannot see the modern world as it isRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 PagesWell... its dead wrong. War at least has some organization to it. What was faced in the last days... by last days I mean the last days of civilization not life ; itself. What was faced was hell. Everyone went ape shit insane. Everyone was killing and raping each other into oblivion, because we were under attack by creatures that was so beyond our understanding! Geez, there were many names given to these undead. Some called them demons, others called them lost souls. With all these names, I foundRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 PagesI AM ZLATAN By Zlatan Ibrahimovic as told to David Lagercrantz --------------------------------------------------------------------------- This book is dedicated to my family and friends, to those who have stood by my side, on good days and bad. I also want to dedicate it to all the kids out there, those who feel different and don t fit in. Those who are seen for the wrong reasons. It s OK to be different. Continue being yourself. 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Case studies can never fully capture the richness and complexity of real-life management situations and we would also encourage readers and tutors to take every possible opportunity to explore the live strategic issues of organisations – both their own and others. The following brief points of guidance should prove useful inRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesFormula 1 Constructors Web Reservations International: Challenging Industry Norms Manchester United FC: Continuing Success but at What Cost? Hermes Fund Management, Total and Premier Oil: The Responsibility and Accountability of Business From Small Town Pharmacy to a Multinational Corporation: Pierre Fabre, Culture as a Competitive Advantage Cordia LLP: Service Reform in the Public Sector 170 175 180 183 193 196 201 207 213 223 226 230 3  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Johnson, Whittington

Insight in to Jean Watsons Caring Theory free essay sample

In this paper, I will apply Watson’s theory to one specific nurse-patient interaction, which I encountered during my experience as a nurse. I will also describe how Watson’s carative factors were utilized in the transpersonal relationship. I will also give a personal reflection on my professional experience that is basis of this paper. The term theory has many definitions, but generally it refers to a group of related concepts, definitions, and statements that propose a view of nursing phenomena from which to describe, explain, or predict outcomes (Chitty, 2005). Theories are important because it help guide nurses in the direction to provide the best care to patients’. A benefit of having a defined body of theory in nursing allow the nurse to provide efficient patient care, promote nursing status as a professional, improved communication amongst caregivers and patients, and guidance for nurses to engage in research to further their education . Dr. Jean Watson is an American nursing scholar born in West Virginia. Dr. Watson attended the University of Colorado where she earned her Bachelor’s of Science degree in nursing and psychology. Watson later earned her master’s degree in psychiatric-mental health nursing and continued to earn her Ph. D in education psychology and counseling (Chantal, 2003). In 1979, Dr. Watson’s theory of science of caring was first published in Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. In the publication, she issued a call for a return to the earlier values of nursing and emphasized the caring aspects nursing. Watson’s work addresses the philosophical question of the nature of nursing when viewed as a human-human relationship (Chitty, 2005). There are three major concept of Watson’s theory: a) the carative factors, b) the transpersonal caring relationship, and c) the caring occasion/caring moment. The carative factors provide a focus for nursing phenomena. Carative factors specify the meaning of the relationship of the nurse and patient as human beings. Transpersonal caring relationships describe how the nurse goes beyond an objective assessment, showing concerns towards the person’s subjective and meaning regarding their health care situation. The goal of transpersonal caring relationship is to protect, enhance, and preserve the person’s dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony(Cara, 2003). Caring occasion/caring moment occurs whenever the nurse and another come together in a given moment for human-to-human interaction. Watson believes that both nurse and patient can be influenced by caring moments depending on their action and choice within the relationship. Dr. Watson’s carative factors consist of 10 elements: 1. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values. 2. Instillation of faith-hope. . The development of a helping-trusting, human care relationship. 4. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to other’s 5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings 6. Creative problem solving caring process 7. The promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning 8. The provision for a supportive, protective and/or corrective mental, physical , socio-cultural and spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs 10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces. (Cara, 2003, p. 52). As Watson continued to develop her theory, she developed clinical caritas processes, which replaced the carative factors. Clinical caritas processes were: 1. Practice of loving kindness within context of caring consciousness. 2. Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared for. 3. Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening to others with sensitivity and compassion. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting caring relationship. . Being supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings to connect with a deeper spirit of one self. 6. Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices 7. Participate in genuine teaching-learning experience that promote unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others; frames of reference. 8. Creating an environment that is conductive to healing at every level, subtle environment, which potentiates the ability to sustain or develop dignity, comfort, and peace. . Ensuring basic needs are met, with a caring conscious, providing â€Å"human care essentials†, which tends to the individual’s mindbodyspirit. 10. Allowing the expression one’s spirituality and attending to spiritual needs as it relates to ( Cara, 2003). According to Suliman, Welmann, Omer, and Thomas (2009), transpersonal relationship depends on the nurse moral commitment in protecting and enhancing human dignity. It also depends on the nurses’ caring conscious communicated to preserve and honor the embodied spirit. The nurse caring conscious and human-to-human relationship potentiates a healing process that is based on the nurses’ intentional connection, perception, and experience. Dr. Watson’s carative factors can be utilized in the transpersonal relationship in the clinical setting in many ways. When developing a nurse-patient relationship, it is very import to establish a helping-trusting, human care relationship with the patient. Establishing a relationship that is genuine in nature, which goes beyond working nurse-patient relationship is necessary to build a transpersonal relationship. Transpersonal relationship can develop from the nurse-patient incorporating spiritual matters in the healing process. The nurse ability to instill hope and faith to patients who are in distress, exhibit a sense of the nurse caring conscious. Promoting hope when modern medicine have nothing else to offer, the nurse can continue to give faith-hope to provide a sense of well-being through belief’s which are meaningful to the individual (Holland Wade, amp; Kasper, (2006). Assisting with the gratification of human needs could also be utilized in the transpersonal relationship. When developing a transpersonal relationship one must remember to protect the dignity of the patient at all times. Assisting the patient with basic needs with intentional caring consciousness, while administering â€Å" human care essentials,† which potentiate alignment of mindbodyspirit and unity of being in all aspect of care (Cara, 2003). The promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning is also useful in the development of transpersonal relationships. Engaging in meaningful and intentional caring process allows the nurse to establish transpersonal relationship with the patient. This encounter also allows the nurse and patient to communicate in a way where each one’s perspectives are evaluated for understanding. Understanding the person’s perception of the situation can assist the nurse to prepare a cognitive plan. This interaction promotes mutuality between both nurse and patient, which is essential in developing a meaningful relationship. Dr. Watson define the person as a being-in-the-world who holds three spheres of being-mind, body, and spirit that are influenced by the concept of self and who is unique and free to make choices (Cara, 2003). Dr. Watson’s assumption of caring as it relate to the person states â€Å" †¦a caring person is that the person is somehow responsive to another person as a unique individual, perceives the other’s feelings, and sets one person apart from other†. Dr. Watson’s believes that a person’s health is subjective. Health corresponds to the person’s harmony, or balance, within the mind, body, and spirit. Dr. Watson’s assumption of health states that caring promotes health more than curing and effective caring promotes health to an individual as well as family growth (Cara, 2003). According to Dr. Watson nursing is defined as a â€Å"human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions† (2008a, p. 54). Dr. Watson’s assumption as it pertains to nursing states that human caring in nursing is not just an emotion, concern, attitude, or benevolent desire, but rather a personal response (Cara, 2003). Dr. Watson believe the person’s environment could expand awareness and consciousness, while promoting the healing of the, mind, body, and spirit. Dr. Watson’s assumption of caring as it relates to the environment states that â€Å"a caring environment offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for the self at a given point in time† (Alligood, 2010, p. 109). To better understand Dr. Watson’s theory, I will apply her theory to a specific nurse-patient encounter. When using clinical caritas process (CCP), I will also attach the corresponding numbers to denote its use within my clinical story. While working in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), I was assigned a patient by the name of Ms. Anderson. Ms. Anderson was 1 day post-op of having a vaginal hysterectomy. Upon getting report regarding Ms. Anderson’s condition, I was informed that the patient was â€Å"very needy† and didn’t want to go home†. When I went into Ms. Anderson’s room, I introduced myself and told her that I will be her nurse for the day. I proceeded to ask Ms. Anderson if there is anything I could do for her at that time. She told me that see just want the lights off and the curtains closed. After an hour I went back into Ms. Anderson’s room informing her that she will be discharged that day. She appeared very anxious and apprehensive. I held her hand as I asked â€Å"Ms. Anderson you seem a little upset is there a reason you do not want to go home’’(CCP#4). Ms. Anderson began to cry and I assured her that everything will be ok, but she had to believe that I was there to try to help her (CCP#2). Ms. Anderson proceeded to tell me that she does not live in this state and she thought that she would be hospitalized for at least three days. Ms. Anderson said she had a train ticket back to her home state of Atlanta, but the train ticket was for the following day. I acknowledged Ms. Anderson’s concerns and informed her that she need not to worry (CCP#5). I informed Ms. Anderson’s doctor and notified the hospital social worker regarding her situation (CCP#6). After collaborating with the doctor and social worker, we were able to accommodate Ms. Anderson for another night. I inform Ms. Anderson that she could stay in the unit and I will continue to assist in any way until her departure the following day (CCP#1). Allowing Ms. Anderson to stay in the hospital an additional night, eliminated her anxiety. Dr. Watson’s theory has personally expanded my perception regarding how patients’ should be managed as a whole. When using Watson’s theory in practice, it allows me to place focus mainly on the patients needs by the use of having a caring conscious rather the use of technology or medication. In conclusion, Watson’s caring theory provides a guide for nurses to practice nursing by way of having a caring conscious. Nursing theories provide a guide for nurses to administer evidence-base nursing to provide best care to patients’. The major concepts of Watson’s theory, which are carative factors, transpersonal relationships, and caring moment allow the nurse to provide a foundation for nurses to use within the clinical setting. Dr. Watson’s theory assumptions provide a guide for nurses’ to establish human-to-human relationships, which could be applied during a caring moment. The nurse ability to establish a caring relationship with the patient is the focal point of Watson’s theory.

The Brethren Essay Example For Students

The Brethren Essay The book I read was The Brethren, by John Grisham. It was a suspense book. Three judges, called The Brethren by their fellow prisoners, lived in a very minimal security prison. They had just begun fine tuning a mail scam that extorted homosexuals with families and lots of money. Then, they snag the wrong person, someone very powerful on the outside. It seems The Brethrens days of scamming are over.This was a great book for many reasons. The first reason is it was sort of double sided. What I mean by that is it explained 2 stories at once, the story of Aaron Lake and the story of The Brethren. We will write a custom essay on The Brethren specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I liked this because it helped to understand the situation a lot better. It also helped understand the characters a lot more too. Another thing I liked about this book is the fact that the scam was brilliant. The Brethren had nothing to loose because they were already in prison, and they had so much to gain. These (the victims of the scam) were people who couldnt talk against The Brethren for fear of being caught by their families. One example of the fact that the victims couldnt report this to the police was when The Brethren snagged Quince Garbe, who lived in a small town and whos father owned a bank. If Quince spoke out against The Brethren, he would loose his fathers inheritance to the bank, and the whole town would disrespect him. After he gave the Brethren their asking price of $100,000, they immediately asked for another $20,000. He had no choice but to pay them. Another reason I liked this book was it showed how corrupt our government could be. Aaron Lake pretty much bought the election, getting almost 60 million dollars from defense contractors in return to double the military budget. Of course, he did have quite a bit of help from the C. I.A. who staged events in the Middle East to increase enthusiasm for the doubled military budget. On a scale of one to five (five being the highest rating) I would give this book a 4. It was a pretty good plot and you didnt know what was going to happen next. You didnt know if The Brethren would nail Aaron Lake or if the C.I.A. would knock off The Brethren before they could nail him. I would first recommend this book to anyone that likes reading because you have to like reading in order to enjoy a longer book like this is. But if you are an experienced reader, and you know what you like, then this book is for people who enjoy mystery, drama, and great ending. Bibliography:

Take It Easy Quotes to Live By

Take It Easy Quotes to Live By Just about everybody feels rushed and stressed at times. Since we all know that stress can be harmful to our health, nows the time to take steps to reduce the amount of stress in our lives. Slow down as you do things. Accept that what has passed  is past. Take one step at a time instead of multitasking your way through the day. Identify  what you are doing when you feel totally relaxed and focus on these activities instead of ones that stress you out. No one can avoid all the stress in life, but you can cut back on it. Chill Out With These Quotes Jim MorrisonTime to live, time to lie, time to laugh and time to die. Take it easy baby. Take it as it comes. Christian Nestell BoveeThere is a German proverb which says that Take-it-Easy and Live-Long are brothers. David SelznickWhy do you knock yourself out? Take it easy. Elbert HubbardDo not take life too seriously; you will never get out of it alive. Johnny CashI recently found myself going through a period of uncertainty about my future as a performer, my status as a personality, the believability of my Christian witness and the knowledge of Gods will in my life. I felt a force bigger than myself saying, Lay back. Take it easy. Study hard. Read your Bible. Think, write and keep your mouth shut for awhile. Kate JacobsIts all about getting the hang of things. Easy does it; take it easy. Youll figure everything out in time. But for right now, just keep trying. Pay attention and avoid the temptation to go further than youre ready. Talk less. And listen more. Martin ScorseseThe problem with anger is that its so consuming. Youve got to take it easy on yourself at a certain point. Robert BreaultIts not that Im a Type-B personality. Its that Im driven by a passionate, all-consuming desire to take it easy. Jack Kerouac ï » ¿So long and take it easy, because if you start taking things seriously, it is the end of you. Jackson BrowneLighten up while you still can, dont even try to understand. Just find a  place to make your stand, and take it easy. Fats WallerTake it easy, be a sport. Just remember life is short. Oscar WildeLife is too important to be taken seriously. Ryan ReynoldsI see guys with, like, eyebrow art, and I wanna tell them, You dont have to go too crazy on your brows. Take it easy, man! Golda MeirMy dear, old age is like an airplane flying in a storm. Once youre in it, theres nothing you can do. You cant stop a plane, you cant stop a storm, you cant stop time. So you might as well take it easy, with wisdom. Mark GormanOnly 8 percent of our worry will come to pass. 92 percent of our worry is wasted. Dont panic!

Free Essays on The Guilded Age

The Steel Beneath the Gold â€Å"Gild’ed: To Make seem more attractive or valuable than it is† -Webster’s New World Dictionary Between the Civil War and the early 20th century, an era of growth, wealth, and power was born. In this era, the United States became an Industrial powerhouse amongst the world, becoming the most industrialized nation on the planet. The population had doubled within 30 years of fighting one of the most deadly battles of the country’s history. The level of technology had skyrocketed, and with technology, wealth is not far behind. Yet, alas, if only this wasn’t too-good-to-be-true. While the previous statements were in no way false, they are only half of the era’s characteristics. The United States became an industrial powerhouse through monopolization and weighted negotiations, so that eventually there would be one company left that controlled the usage/sales of a certain product throughout the entire country. The population had doubled within 30 years, driving many citizens out of business (farmers being the majority) and into either factory jobs with horrible c onditions, or no job at all, resulting in an unemployment rate rising almost as fast as the immigration rate. The level of technology had skyrocketed, leaving even more people without a job while being replaced with machines, yet in the meantime, the employers and factory owners get wealthier as they have less of a need for workers. At first glance, this era seems to be one of great prosperity, yet is obviously one of corruption and deceit if looked at more closely, resulting in the name of the Gilded Age. From the end of the Civil war to the end of the 19th century, the United States population had doubled due to the huge influx of immigrants, seeking a promising future in the â€Å"land of freedom†. Unfortunately, while every immigrant wanted a better life and would do almost anything to attain it, every immigrant wanted a bette... Free Essays on The Guilded Age Free Essays on The Guilded Age The Steel Beneath the Gold â€Å"Gild’ed: To Make seem more attractive or valuable than it is† -Webster’s New World Dictionary Between the Civil War and the early 20th century, an era of growth, wealth, and power was born. In this era, the United States became an Industrial powerhouse amongst the world, becoming the most industrialized nation on the planet. The population had doubled within 30 years of fighting one of the most deadly battles of the country’s history. The level of technology had skyrocketed, and with technology, wealth is not far behind. Yet, alas, if only this wasn’t too-good-to-be-true. While the previous statements were in no way false, they are only half of the era’s characteristics. The United States became an industrial powerhouse through monopolization and weighted negotiations, so that eventually there would be one company left that controlled the usage/sales of a certain product throughout the entire country. The population had doubled within 30 years, driving many citizens out of business (farmers being the majority) and into either factory jobs with horrible c onditions, or no job at all, resulting in an unemployment rate rising almost as fast as the immigration rate. The level of technology had skyrocketed, leaving even more people without a job while being replaced with machines, yet in the meantime, the employers and factory owners get wealthier as they have less of a need for workers. At first glance, this era seems to be one of great prosperity, yet is obviously one of corruption and deceit if looked at more closely, resulting in the name of the Gilded Age. From the end of the Civil war to the end of the 19th century, the United States population had doubled due to the huge influx of immigrants, seeking a promising future in the â€Å"land of freedom†. Unfortunately, while every immigrant wanted a better life and would do almost anything to attain it, every immigrant wanted a bette...

Unit 4 Discussion Huamn Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 4 Discussion Huamn Services - Research Paper Example In the same way, Food Bank is another organization working in the Wichita country and focusing on addressing poverty through its various food programs (Census Bureau, 2010). Wichita country presently has a population of 131,664 people comprising of 32,891 families. Out of these, about 10.3% of the families and over 13.20% of the total population live below the poverty line. Close to 61% of the population live within the median household income of $42971. Of those living below the poverty line, 17.50% are below 18 years while 9.8% are aged above 65. On the other hand, the poverty rates in the state of Texas stand at 16.8% which is closely in line with the general poverty rates across the country. The median household income for the state of Texas stands at $49,646. In a way, there is a slight variation between the poverty situations in the Wichita County in comparison to the state with the county’s rate slightly below the state’s poverty rate (Census Bureau, 2010). Indeed, it is imperative to note that the poverty reduction programs in the county have greatly been addressing this issue considering the reduced poverty rates. More importantly , there is still much to be done in order to completely eliminate the

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Research - Essay Example Decision-making is paramount during the times of drastic changes in the organization as it determines the success or the failure of the organization. Decision-making ensures that the steps taken in the change process have been researched on and are confirmed to work under specific circumstances. According to the article, â€Å"A Novel Trauma Leadership Model Reflective of Changing Times† by Cecile D’Huyvetter and Thomas H. Cogbill, change should be done according to the various generations that exist in the organization. Although this may be applied in large organizations that have employees with diverse age groups, it is applicable in most large health institutions. The findings in this article provide clear directives on how different generations should be treated because they prefer different leadership styles. I would apply these findings according to the generations. Application of these findings could ensure that the organization is in a better situation to make comprehensive and cost effective leadership models that ensure provider satisfaction at work. Most organizations have two different generations; the generation X and generation Y (DHuyvetter & Cogbill, 2014). These generations are usually very comfortable at using technology and have a habit of c onstant communications; therefore, I would use technology to communicate easily and affordably with them. Since this generation prefers work and life balance, they prefer a group approach to completing tasks. This is because they interact well with others. Therefore, ensuring that the organization fosters teamwork when dealing with these age groups would indicate effective decision making and change would be accomplished with reduced effort in the organization. Since these groups also prefer the absence of hierarchy, I would also make a good decision of such a favorable workplace to be

The operations of Basil Essay Example for Free

The operations of Basil Essay 1.1 The operations of Basil II Basel II was developed to ensure that there is less risk on capital allocation, unraveling operational risk from credit risk and quantifying both, and attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce the possibility of regulatory arbitrage. 1.2 The pillars used in Basel II The Basel II International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards, the reviewed framework is based on three main pillars. 1.2.1 First Pillar – Minimum Capital Requirements The first principle of this revised framework comprises the minimum capital requirements necessary to cater for the three fundamental risks that a bank faces in business operations. These consist of Credit risk, Capital risk and Operational risk, which shall be further expounded below: A choice between two main methodologies is allowed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for the determination of credit risk. These consist of the standardized approach and the internal rating based approach, which is further divided into the foundation and advanced internal rating based system.   Under the standardized scheme, a set of external credit ratings achieved from recognized agencies are utilized in the determination of capital risk.   A number of countries intend to authorize only this approach in credit risk measurement. The internal rating based model permits banks to develop their own experimental model to determine the probability of default for isolated clients or segmented customer groups.   Adoption of the regulator’s loss given default and other set parameter is necessary. As regards the Operational Risk, three approaches are suggested under the Basel II International Convergence of Capital Maintenance and Capital Standards revised framework, which consist of the Basic Indicator Approach, Standardized Method, and the Advanced Measurement Scheme. The standardized approach is similar to the same model applied for capital risk, explained in the previous bullet.   As regards the Advanced Measurement System, this entails the development of an empirical business model originating by the bank for the quantification of operation risk.   Section 664 of the original Basel demands that a minimum of a board of directors and senior management, a conceptually sound operational risk management structure and enough resources for the proper adoption of this scheme. Under the Basic Indicator Approach, banks are required to hold capital for operational risk corresponding to the average over a three year time frame of a fixed percentage of a positive annual gross income. For the Market risk there is on suggested approach, commonly known as the Value at Risk Method. The positioning of financial instruments should either be made with the objective of trading or hedging.   The three main parameters is this model are: The confidence level at which the forecast is made; The monetary currency unit that will be adopted to denominate the market risk; and The time horizon that will be examined. 1.2.2 Second Pillar – Supervisory Review Process The basic principles of this pillar of the Basel II International Convergence of Capital Maintenance and Capital Standards revised framework include the supervisory review and transparency, risk management direction and accountability of the adoption of the aforementioned revised concept. The supervisory review process is designed not only to ensure that targeted banks possess proper capital to sustain all the risks in their business, but also to induce banks to develop and maintain better risk management techniques in monitoring and assessing their respective risks.   There are the following four key principles of the supervisory review: A process for evaluating the overall capital adequacy of banks with respect to their risk profile and strategy. Supervisors assigned ought to review the banks’ internal capital adequacy assessments/strategies, and monitor to make sure compliance with regulatory capital ratios. Monitoring that banks operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios. Supervisors are expected to arbitrate at an early stage to avoid banks’ capital from falling below the minimum levels set. The Committee has also identified the following vital issues that banks and supervisors are required to focus on:   interest rate risk in the banking book, credit risk and operational risk.   It is also recognized that since supervision of banks is not an exact science, discretionary measures and procedures ought to be adopted.   The importance of transparency, accountability and proper cross-border communication and cooperation arise in this respect. 1.2.3 Third Pillar – Market Discipline Disclosure requirements are highly focused in this final pillar in order to induce the market to perceive a better picture of the general risk position of the banks and thus sustain counterparties of the bank to price and deal correctly.   This last pillar is also aimed to compliment the previous two important areas discussed. The Committee recognizes the factor that the supervisor is a key player in the achievement of disclosure requirements.   Such market discipline is a vital feature for a safe and sound banking environment.   This safe environment arises from additional information disclosed in periodic and annual financial reports.   The methods that can be adopted in order to induce these disclosure requirements may vary depending on the countries legislation and present practices.   Examples that come to mind are through penalties, advices and more. The Basel II International Convergence of Capital Maintenance and Capital Standards revised framework also notes that such necessary disclosure requirements ought to be practical and in line with accounting standards and other relevant regulations.   For instance, management is allowed to use his discretion in the determination of the location and medium of these disclosures.   Materiality, frequency and proprietary and confidential information are also considered in order to minimize such reporting costs and ensure that organizations are not put in any competitive disadvantage with the application of such information requirement. The disclosure requirements demanded encompass a number of factors, such as: General qualitative disclosure requirements on each risk area. Capital structure. Capital adequacy. Brief description of different entities in case of business combinations. Aggregate amounts of firm’s total interest in insurance entities. References: Bank for International Settlements (2004). Basel II International Convergence of Capital Maintenance and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (on line). Available from: http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs107.htm (Accessed 16th April 2007). Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2004).   International Convergence on Capital Measurement and Capital Standards. Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements

Free Essays - APA Style Sample -- APA

APA Style Sample      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   APA (American Psychological Association) style is primarily used in the social science disciplines. It is formatted like MLA, and shows many similarities, but is unique in several key points.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   APA uses parenthetical (or in-text) citations within sentences, but rather than indicating the author's name and page number, APA includes author's name and date of publication. The page number, represented with a p. or a pp., is only added to the citation when using a direct quote (not a summary or paraphrase). If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, then place the date of publication in parentheses directly after the name. If the name is not mentioned include the author's name and date in parentheses at the end of the source material. And, if you use a direct quote, place the page number after the publication date within the parentheses. Note the difference between the following three examples:    Terrence (1999) has presented poignant examples from 150 interviews. Howeve...

Scrapbooking Essay

Scrapbooking Scrapbooking is a great way for me to capture the special people and events I encounter in my life. Many times I like to take pictures of family traditions, favorite things, children and my accomplishments. When creating a scrapbook, I’m able to pass down memories from my experiences to my children. Scrapbooking is a creative way to relax and have fun. The first time I started scrapbooking was after my wedding. I had many beautiful photos that were sitting inside an envelope that I wanted to put onto display. It was very easy to get started because the craft stores have pre-made kits that I could use to get my ideas started.I finished my wedding album and wanted to immediately start another one! I was at the time in the military and deployed to Iraq. This was a perfect opportunity for me to express myself. I went to the craft store and got tons of things that I thought would turn into a great scrapbook. During my time in the military I had a lot of opportunities t o travel. The places I have been are great experiences to talk about and share with family members but when I have a personally made book with photos to go along with my stories makes for a great time.Scrapbooking is a great way for me to preserve my many memories and pass down to my children. Making scrapbooks is more than just a book that will sit on my shelf. Scrapbooks are personal books with great memories preserved in a way that will make them memorable to children. Whenever my family visits they enjoy looking at what new books I have made or what I’m working on. I enjoy putting together books for family members when we get other for family traditions and I want to share our memories together. My personal time is very important to me.When I need time to get away from the craziness of daily life and raising kids, scrapbooking is the first activity I will turn too. Scrapbooking for me is a great way to relax and let my creativity fly! Although scrapbooking is one of my fa vorite things to do, it can become very costly. When working on a scrapbook I will normally only do a few pages at a time, then wait a few weeks to finish the rest. Mostly so that I can spread the cost out over a period of time, but also to give myself time to figure out how I’m going to plan the rest of the book. In conclusion, scrapbooking is a great way to relax and be creative!It can sometimes be very costly and time consuming. If you set yourself a budget and time frame of how you get your books done it will not interfere with your life. So many times people have boxes and boxes of photos under their beds or in the attic that are getting damaged and are a huge mess when trying to look at them. Scrapbooking is a awesome creative way to preserve your memories and display your own creativity. I enjoy scrapbooking for the reason of getting to pass down my greatest memories to my children in a unique way that I created that they will have for a lifetime.

Value Management

Q. 1 Using your emerging knowledge of Value Management (VM), critically appraise the report and make suggestions as to how the VM study might have been run differently / more effectively. A Value Management report is the basis to a well-constructed project in the sense that all parties involved or potentially affected will be content with the final outcome. It is vital to understand and elaborate on the key aspects that determine a value management study in order to gain an agreeable conclusion. Often these guidelines are met, yet comparatively and with no due culpability, some guidelines are overseen. The causes of these significant errors are often mistakes and rarely intentional however they greatly skew the findings and lead to inevitable issues raised in the future. The Value Management Workshop Report, dated 26 November 2009, is focused on the Road and Traffic Authority’ (RTA) Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project. It incorporates many of the procedures and strategies that are set out in a report titled Total Asset Management, September 2004, which has been developed by New South Wales Government Treasury’s Office. This particular documents basis is value management guideline. In order to construct an argument as to how the Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project workshop could have been run differently and more effectively I will juxtapose these two documents. There are two main criteria that will be focused on; the stages of a Value Management and when such stages should be initiated and pre workshop planning and what it should comprise of. For a major project/program, several Value Management studies may be needed, for example at the service planning stage, the concept development stage, at the construction stage, at the operation and maintenance stage and, ultimately, at disposal’. (Value Management guideline, 2004) There is no question that the 6 major stages of a project listed above require a Value Management Plan. In this particular instance the concept development stage is the main focus of the RTA report. Concept development should include the scope of the project, what the project a ims to achieve and the general reasoning behind such a development. The general concept of this proposed project can be described as ‘light’ meaning that the reason for undertaking a public infrastructure project, estimated in excess of $275 million excluding the three phases included in the Mount Victoria section, is a little unclear. It is stated that ‘The highway upgrade work that has already been completed [on The Great Western Highway] has led to improved travel times for motorists and a safer road environment for all motorists, pedestrians and cyclists’. RTA: Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project, 26 November 2009) The New South Wales Governments plan to upgrade state roads, is therefore a green light to develop and upgrade new roads as the RTA deems fit. There is no thought or mention of rejuvenating existing infrastructure, which would be presumably economically healthier and time efficient. Although such a consideration may have become immediately redundant once ousted, there should have been ample opportunity for consi deration by all members of the workshop, which in fact there wasn’t. It is effective to conduct pre workshops programmes in a smaller group to develop issues that can be readily raised in the major Value Management workshop. Identifying issues early rather than over the two days of the workshop will give organisers and sub sequentially the members of the workshop the ability to address and answer problems with relevant facts, current data and more importantly directly. This would be a substitute of ‘ball park’ figures and broad/ assumed answers that would have been put forward if pre workshop programmes were not conducted.

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way Once youve made the difficult decision to withdraw from college, the first thing on your mind is likely to get away from campus as soon as possible. Unfortunately, moving too quickly may cause you to forget a few important tasks, which can prove both costly and detrimental. So, just what do you need to do to make sure youve covered all of your bases? Approaching this decision the right way will save you difficulties in the future. Talk to Your Academic Adviser   Your first stop should be to meet with your academic adviser- in person. Even though it might seem easier to send an email, this kind of decision warrants an in-person conversation. Will it be awkward? Maybe. But spending 20 minutes having a face-to-face conversation can save you hours of mistakes later. Talk to your adviser about your decision and ask the correct way to let your institution know youd like to withdraw. Talk to the Financial Aid Office The official date of your withdrawal will likely have a major impact on your finances. If, for example, you withdraw early in the semester, you might need to pay back all or part of any student loans you received to cover school expenses. Additionally, any scholarship funds, grants, or other monies you received might need to be repaid. If you withdraw late in the semester, your financial obligations might be different. Therefore, meeting with someone in the financial aid office about your choice to withdraw can be a smart, money-saving decision. Let the financial aid officer know your intended withdrawal date and ask how this will affect the money you have paid or loans youve received so far. Your financial aid officer can also let you know when you will need to begin repaying loans you received in prior semesters. Talk to the Registrar In addition to the conversations you have with school administrators, you will likely need to submit something in writing about your reasons for withdrawing and your official date of withdrawal. The registrars office might also need you to complete paperwork to make your withdrawal official. Since the registrars office also usually handles transcripts, you will want to make sure your records are clear so youll have no difficulty obtaining copies of your transcripts and official documents in the future. After all, if youre thinking of going back to school or applying for a job, you dont want your transcripts to indicate that you failed your courses because you didnt get your official withdrawal paperwork completed correctly. Talk to the Housing Office If youre living on campus, youll also have to let the housing office know about your decision to withdraw. Youll want to get a final determination of fees for the semester as well as costs for cleaning and preparing the room for another student. The housing office will also be able to give you the official deadline for removing all of your belongings. Lastly, ask for the name of the person to whom you should return your keys. Be sure to get a receipt to document the date and time that you turn over your room and keys. You dont want to be charged for a locksmith simply because you returned your keys to the wrong individual. Talk to the Alumni Office You dont have to graduate from an institution to be considered an alumnus. If youve attended, youre eligible for services through the alumni office. Its a good idea to stop by the alumni office and introduce yourself before you leave campus. When you visit the alumni office, leave a forwarding address and get information on alumni benefits which may include everything from job placement services to discounted health insurance rates. Even if youre leaving school without a degree, youre still part of the community and youll want to stay informed about how your institution can support your future endeavors.

Highest Cities in the World

Highest Cities in the World It has been estimated that about 400 million people live at elevations above 4900 feet (1500 meters) and that 140 million people live at elevations above 8200 feet (2500 meters). Physical Adaptations to Live That High At these high altitudes, the human body must adapt to the decreased levels of oxygen. Native populations living at the highest altitudes in the Himalaya and Andes mountain ranges tend to have larger lung capacity than lowlanders. There are physiological adaptations from birth that higher elevation cultures experience that tends to lead to longer, healthier lives. Some of the worlds oldest people live at high altitudes and scientists have determined that high-altitude life results in better cardiovascular health and a lower incidence of stroke and cancers. Interestingly, a 12,400 year-old settlement in the Andes was discovered  at an elevation of 14,700 feet (4500 meters), demonstrating that humans settled at high elevations within about 2000 years of arriving on the South American continent. Scientists will certainly continue to study the impacts of high elevations on the human body and how humans have adapted to elevation extremes on our planet. The World's Highest City The highest, most notable true city is the mining town of La Rinconada, Peru. The community sits high in the Andes at an elevation of 16,700 feet (5100 meters) above sea level and is home to a gold rush population of somewhere around 30,000 to 50,000 people. The elevation of La Rinconada is higher than the highest peak  in the lower 48 states of the United States (Mt. Whitney). National Geographic published an article in 2009 about La Rinconada and the challenges of life at such a high elevation and in such squalor.   The World's Highest Capital and Large Urban Area La Paz is the capital of Bolivia and sits at a very high elevation - about 11,975 feet (3650 meters) above sea level. La Paz is the highest capital city on the planet, beating Quito, Ecuador for the honor by 2000 feet (800 meters). The greater La Paz metropolitan area is home to more than 2.3 million people who live at a very high altitude. To the west of La Paz is the city of El Alto (the heights in Spanish), which is truly the worlds highest large city.  El Alto is home to about 1.2 million people and is the home of the El Alto International Airport, which serves the greater La Paz metropolitan area.   Five Highest Settlements on Earth Wikipedia provides a  listing  of what are believed to be the five highest settlements on the planet... 1. La Rinconada, Peru - 16,700 feet (5100 meters) - gold rush town in the Andes 2.  Wenquan, Tibet, China - 15,980 feet (4870 meters) - a very small settlement on a mountain pass in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.   3. Lungring, Tibet, China - 15,535 feet (4735 meters) - a hamlet among pastoral plains and rugged terrain 4.  Yanshiping, Tibet, China - 15,490 feet (4720 meters) - a very small town 5. Amdo, Tibet, China - 15,450 feet (4710 meters) - another small town Highest Cities in the United States By contrast, the highest incorporated city in the United States is Leadville, Colorado at a mere altitude of 3,094 meters (10,152 feet). Colorados capital city of Denver is known as the Mile High City because it officially sits at an elevation of 5280 feet (1610 meters); however, compared to La Paz or La  Rinconada, Denver is in the lowlands.

The Role of the Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role of the Customer Service - Essay Example The customer service in all organizations should ensure that the customers of the organization are fully satisfied. In case the service does not meet the customer’s expectation, the customer service person should let the management know to ensure that next time, the customer will be satisfied. The importance or the need of a customer service varies by the product or service given by the organization or it evens depend on the customer or the industry. The employees who work as the customer service should be ready to adjust to each and every customer of the organization. Introduction As mentioned above, the customer service refers to the way that the customers of an organization are provided by the products that they require either before they buy, during the buying process and even after the buying process. With a customer service, an organization is able to generate a lot of revenue and income from the customers. There are other various reasons why many organizations have cust omer service. There are many organizations which take the customer service as a part of their systematic improvement since they realize the much improvement that it brings to the organization. Through customer service, many perceptions of the customers can be changed about the organization and this would lead to increase in sales. The paper provides a critical discussion and evaluating the customer service by the organization. ... Current Customer Service and Expectations In the organization, one of the customer service given to the customers is the customer service. This is where the customer service attendants assist the customers in making the correct use of the products that they buy from the organization. With this, they help the customers to be cost effective in the usage of the product. The customer support service include giving the customer advice on the installation, how to maintain and also training the customer on the usage and disposal of the product once not in use http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/operations/the-importance-of-customer-service . Since the organization also deals with technology products, the customer service agents also give technical support to the customers on how to operate the mechanical and software products that they buy from the organization. The organization has realized that the customer service is an important factor in the marketing mix for both the serv ices and the products. This is because high quality customer service assists the entire organization in creating loyalty with their customers. The organization has realized that many customers are not only concerned about the product that they buy from the organization but also the service that they get from the time they enter the organization to the time that they leave and also about how they complaints about the faults of the products are addressed (Turban 2002). It is true that the customer service bridge the gap between the company and the customers who are buying from the organization. It’s every customer’s expectation that the customer service in the organization is efficient,

Kohlbergs Moral Stage Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kohlbergs Moral Stage Theory - Essay Example An examination of â€Å"developing structures† through which an individual makes moral judgments will enable us to understand moral development (p.54). I agree with Kohlberg’s Moral Stage Theory, and judging by its tenets of moral development I will place myself at Stage 5. At this stage, the sense of morality in me has bloomed to its full development, where I have attained the constructs of â€Å"social contract† and â€Å"legalistic orientation† and I perceive right action in terms of the alignment of citizens’ right with the behavioural standards as prescribed by the society (p.55). Through my education as well as insights from personal experience, at this stage, I, have been able to obtain necessary awareness of the â€Å"relativism of personal values and opinions† and the need to adhere to relevant rules before a specific action (p.55). Thus, when I take an action, I do not merely consider the legal aspects when deciding its propriety bu t also the rights of others as well as the impacts of my action on them, though it may not legally violate their rights. As a person involved in the study of criminal justice, I also have understood that I must be â€Å"especially sensitive† towards ethics in my personal and academic life as well as professional life in future (Pollock, 2011, p.4). In this context, law enforcement officers are endowed with a lot of power and if they use it indiscriminately, it can lead to misuse of official authority that entails in violation of human rights. However, I understand that even if police officers have immunity in most cases in respect of action against them, they should not indulge in any activity that may violate the rights of citizens. On the other hand, I also know those hat police officers an explicit responsibility to â€Å"uphold and enforce† laws, in the process of which, sometimes they may not be able to fully comply with principles of protecting the rights of othe rs.

Business Law Assignment-Immigrants as employees Essay

Business Law Assignment-Immigrants as employees - Essay Example As a result, there have been calls for on employers to take action and responsibility in properly vetting their non-citizen workers. However, this has proved to be a challenge with these immigrants using loopholes to gain permits and other important valid documents. This expose elucidates the role of the employer in the issue of illegal immigrant employees and the problem of selective enforcement of immigration laws. In addition, the expose further looks at the rights of those employees who have worked in the country for long as illegal immigrants. Finally, the expose examines there is a justification in the immigrants’ quest for a better life and failure to follow and enforce the law when helping citizens of other nations. There is no doubt that employers should play a role in the enforcement of the immigration laws. However, the issue whether the employer should be the focal point while enforcing immigration laws is in itself debate since it illustrates failure in the systems concerning implementation of the immigrations laws. Case in point, while conducting the raid at Swift & Co., some of the illegal immigrants who worked in the company had valid documents with them. These valid documents included legal social security numbers of United States residents used by the immigrants to acquire work permits and gain employment at Swift albeit illegally (Herridge). Hence, once the employer, Swift Co. in this case, identifies valid permits issued due to valid social security number there is no need of victimizing them since there are loopholes that the illegal immigrant used. The basic pilot program is a crucial tool to ensure that the employers play their role in identifying illegal immigrants while employing them. Essentially, the program enables employers verify electronically whether non-citizens employed, or seeking employment, in the company are eligible for employment. This tool effectively becomes a crucial and

The Abortion Debate Essay Example for Free

The Abortion Debate Essay The history of the abortion debate has continued for decades. In today’s society the topic is very demanding and controversial. Prolifer’s as the name proceeds, frame the debate as the right to life for the baby. Individuals who are for Pro-choice may or may not address whether the fetus is in fact a life, and frame the debate in terms of woman having the right to choose what’s best for their bodies without worrying about the government getting involved. In the following paper I will illustrate and discuss the following questions. 1.My personal opinion on the debate 2.The impact of the infamous Roe vs. Wade case 3.A firsthand view of the after effects for those who choose abortion. Abortion is defined as the Termination of pregnancy, and expulsion of an embryo or of a fetus that is incapable of survival. Abortion challenges a variety of external and moral issues. Much of the debate over abortion tends to place emphasis on the issue of rights – specifically whether a woman’s rights to an abortion outweigh a fetus’s rights to life. Whether she is pro-life or pro-choice both sides rely heavily on legal, scientific, and human right arguments to support their arguments. Growing up I was against abortion. I completely condemned it, when you live in a two –parent church going home the Ten Commandments seem to become apart of your everyday life. I would soon find out that judging individuals for the choices they make would come back to hunt me. It is necessary for you to look at the pros and con’s of both a pro-lifer’s stand point and a pro- choicer’s stand point. It has been a proven fact that while, most individuals that oppose abortion, they would do very differently if put in an uncompromising situation. For example let’s take the individuals who stand in front of abortion clinics and rant about the individuals going into the clinics. While taking a journalism class in my last year of high school, my assignment was to get the viewpoint of someone who opposed abortion and why. I traveled to Gainesville, Fla and was blessed to get the chance to speak to Amanda Givens. Amanda was an activist for an organization that’s mission was to deter individuals from having abortions. Amanda was very strong minded on the opinion and during the interview she would take the time to chant out things such as â€Å" Murder† â€Å" Low Life† and the infamous â€Å" Your going to burn in hell â€Å" quote. As I took in a deep breath Amanda advised me that life began at conception and these individuals were cold hearted murders, she even asked me to take pictures of them in which I refused due to the privacy. Although I was against abortion I didn’t know the reason that these ladies where seeking one so out of respect for them I didn’t ask because it was appropriate. Scientific studies show that conception starts at day fourteen of conception. With that being said is it valid to say that abortion is pre-meditated murder? Or is it considered immoral only if it doesn’t endanger the mother’s life. As I asked Amanda these questions she stayed calm but I knew she was furious at the thought that second guessed her considering the circumstances behind it. Amanda finally replied â€Å" Listen these are innocent lives and I don’t care what reason you have a abortion It’s wrong and it’s damn murder† This interview took place December 2000, when I left I gave Amanda my cell and email address so that she could keep in touch and keep me posted on how successful her mission was coming along. Surprisingly two years later to my amazement Amanda had emailed me citing a urgent meeting and needing to speak with me about the mission, she even offered to make the three hour drive to meet up with me and assured me that what she had to say would be life changing. Of course I agreed but I was dumbfounded, I was thinking maybe she acquired my help on the mission, so we agreed to meet the following day at a local Star Bucks cafà ©. I sat patiently drinking my freshly brewed coffee when Amanda pulled up in her freshly was Honda Accord looking nothing less than fabulous. I greeted her with a hug and a smile, but something wasn’t right, her demeanor for some odd reason was different and I was anxious to hear the news she had for me. I ordered her a cup of coffee and we began to catch up where we left off in Florida. Before I could ask about the mission Amanda told me that she was no longer against abortion. I stood up in astonishment as she told me to have a seat I was amazed at what she said next. She began to tell me it was a Thursday night and it was her turn to gather the signs and brochures for the next day‘s rally, she was excited that she had deterred two teens from abortion and was ready to go home and celebrate. As she walked back to her car, (by this time Amanda had started crying and I became real suspicious of what was to come). She had left the most vital part of her story out so she insisted that she start over, earlier that week she had made the acquaintance of a African American man that informed her that God had sent him to her to help out with the mission surprised as she was she advised him to be there at 7:00am to help set-up because the clinic opened up at 8:00 am. The man whom said his name was Charles was there bright and early talking teens out of abortions and doing a marvelous job of even helping adults making decisions. Amanda said she felt like this was what her mission was missing. To Amanda’s shock Charles never came back again until, a week later on the night in question. Amanda said while she was walking back to her car with a handful of signs a familiar face dragged her by her hair into the bushes and proceeded to rape her It Was Charles! Amanda said she cried to God and whoever could hear her for help but as dark as it was no one could hear her. After Charles was done raping Amanda he ran off into the night. Amanda noticed that Charles didn’t have protection on and that she had, semen leaking from her vagina. After contacting police Amanda laid there praying that she wouldn’t get pregnant and that her new husband of four months wouldn’t find out. Unfortunately Amanda said her prayer went unanswered and weeks later she found out that she was pregnant, she insisted that her only option to saving her marriage was to take a trip to Columbus, GA and have an abortion. Amanda insisted that the decision was based mainly to save her marriage and to keep her family from disowning her for having an interracial baby. Amanda says that while having an abortion was the hardest thing that she has ever done, it literally saved her life. She admits that without the abortion that she would have committed suicide than to live the existence of what was growing inside of her. In conclusion Amanda states that although she still feels abortions are wrong, women should have the option of making the decision themselves privately rather deal with rallies like that of Amanda took part in publically. On the way out the door Amanda said something to me that I will never forget â€Å" The best prayers are unanswered ones† Amanda hoped that her story would change my mind on how I felt about abortions and realize that you cant make a generalization about another individuals decisions until you have experienced it firsthand yourself. The Roe vs. Wade case is known to date as the most legendary abortion case in the world cases like this made it possible for individuals in situations like Amanda’s and those with other circumstances to make decisions for themselves without the governments say so . According to Alters (2010) â€Å"Thirty Year’s later congress has passed the Partial birth abortion ban act of 2003, president bush signed it into law, becoming the first president to ever place a federal ban on abortion (p.133 para 2). Although the Roe vs. Wade case wasn’t established until two years after Jane Doe had her baby, it was the landmark case known to day in all high school and college text books and around the country. The more that Americans understand this case the more they regard it as illegitimate. While people have realized the act of abortion on certain grounds should be legal. In some cases you will find individuals that feel like Amanda felt and feel as though abortion is wrong on all grounds. According to Morgentaler (2001) â€Å"Abortion is an act that corrupts national morality and harms women by encouraging irresponsible and predatory male behavior. More importantly a woman’s right to an abortion ignores the rights of the unborn child- and individual should be legally protected (p 321). While both the prolife and pro choice side has equal substantial debates from listening to Amanda’s situation I am now for abortion although I feel that granted the circumstances unless rape, or endangerment to the mother there are enough contraceptives and knowledge circulating that you should know how to refrain from getting pregnant.

Orbits with Gravity Lab Software :: physics science space

For centuries, humankind has sought to find order in the universe. In the context of Western thought, in any case, beginning with the Egyptians, Persians, ancient Greeks; in the Americas the Mayans and Azteks, Astronomy evolved out of the necessity to discover a reliable predictor of the seasons for the purposes of agriculture. In most cases, Astronomy takes on a spiritual role in culture as well. The system of accounting that ancient peoples used to measure the seasons evolved, after a great amount of suffering and turmoil, into the physics of Gallileo and the mechanics of Newton. And Newton's remarkable system is still used today, so long as the velocities are not close to the speed of light and the mass vs. density ratio of massive objects is not too great. Linked above is a gravitational simulator upon which several models of celestial motion are explored. Written in the simple computer language of Q-Basic 4.5, the software is compilable on native systems. At the core is code that generates six n-dimensional arrays. The six arrays correspond to variable requirements in 2-d space, they are velocity vector (in polar coordinates), velocity magnitude, mass, radius, x-position, y-position. "n" corresponds to the number of total objects in the system. Once data is gathered, either entered by hand, loaded from a file, or generated randomly, the simulation can begin. There are three major divisions of the simulation, corresponding to object selection, object position change, and object velocity change, where the actual physics takes place. The simulation begins with object 1, with initial velocity vo, and calculates the next change in velocity of object 1 from the acceleration generated by all other objects. From the gravitational acceleration of object 2, for example, a new velocity vector for object 1 can be determined, and refined un til object n's effect on object 1 is considered. The sim goes down the line to object n, correcting the current velocity magnitude and vector until all acceleration effects are accounted for for all objects, then the sim erases the current position of all objects, displaces the objects dependant on their current (freshly calculated) velocities, redraws them, and returns to calculating new accelerations. The result is a fairly accurate model of gravitational motion, in which the orbital properties discussed in mechanics can be seen. Inaccuracies result with high velocities or close interactions (no collision detection is made).

Management of Learning Disabilities

This semester we have spent the majority of our time learning about and discussing how we can best assist exceptional students. Many of these students are individuals with learning dissabilities. Although it would be difficult for every teacher to understand the distinctions, symptoms, weaknesses and strengths of every disability, it can be very helpful to have a general knowledge of the disabilities that may hinder a student†s ability to learn. Unlike other disabilities like paralysis and blindness, a learning disability (LD) is a hidden handicap. A learning disability does not disfigure or leave visible signs that would invite others to be understanding or offer support (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Therefore as teachers it will be our responsibility to provide that understanding and support for those children already diagnosed and also be alert to the warning signs that may be symptoms of a previously undetected disability. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) describes learning disabilities as follows: LD is a disorder that effects people†s ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways. As specific difficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to school work and can impede learning to read or write or to do math. Learning disability can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases, affect many parts of a person†s life: school or work, daily routines, family life, and sometimes even friendships. In some people, many overlapping learning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a single isolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of their lives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It is important to remember that the term â€Å"learning disability† does not apply to students who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visual or hearing problems, mental retardation, emotional problems, or disadvantaged due to their environment, culture or economic background (US Department of Education (USDE), 1999). Knowing what constitutes a LD is only the beginning. Diagnosing and treating a learning disability is not a diagnosis in the same sense as diabetes or chicken pox. These have a known cause, distinct symptoms and treatments. LD, on the other hand, is a very broad term that covers an array of possible causes, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. There is no medication to â€Å"cure† a learning disability (NCLD, 1999). If seen listed, the number of disabilities may be daunting. However, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. (DSM-IV) (DSM-IV, 1994) divides LD†s into three broad categories. The first category is Developmental Speech and Language Disorders. This includes disorders where children have trouble controlling their rate of speech and may be behind their peers in learning certain speech sounds. Difficulty being able to express oneself through speech as well as trouble understanding certain aspects of speech all fall within this category (Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDAA), 1999). The second category is Academic Skills Disorders. Under this category falls Developmental Reading Disorder, more commonly known as dyslexia. Reading disorders are believed to effect 2-8% of all elementary school children(The International Dyslexia Association (IDA), 1999). Developmental Writing Disorder, where a child has difficulty with vocabulary, grammar, hand movement or memory and Developmental Arithmetic Disorder where a child has difficulty recognizing numbers and symbols and understanding abstract concepts also fall under this category. The last category is known as â€Å"other† Learning Disabilities. The most commonly known are the attention disorders. Although Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not actual learning disabilities they may have a major impact on the child†s ability to learn (CEC, 1999). Another aspect that separates a learning disability from other disabilities is that currently the cause is unclear. In the past it was believed that LD†s were the result of a single neurological problem. However recent research seems to indicate that most learning dissabilities do not stem from a specific area of the brain, but from difficulties in bringing together information from various regions of the brain (NIMH, 1999). There are several possible reasons how a child might develop these subtle disturbances in the brain. When the brain is developing as a fetus is highly vulnerable. If it†s development is disrupted early in the development that fetus may die or suffer from more severe dissabilities. If, however, the disturbance occurs later in development when the cells in the brain are becoming specialized (this is when areas associated with attention, thinking and emotion develop as well as processing sight, sound and other senses) then the result may show up as a LD as the child develops (NIMH, 1999). The use of tabacco, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy may also have damaging effects on the unborn child. Many drugs taken by the mother are passed directly onto the fetus. Babies born to mother who smoke for instance are more likely to have a low birth weight. Newborns born under weight tend to be at risk for a variety of problems one of which is a learning disability. Alcohol may distort the developing neutrons and if taken in large amounts may result in fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition that leads to intellectual impairment (NIMH,1999). Complications during pregnancy or delivery are another possible cause of a LD. In some instances the mother†s immune system will react to the fetus as a virus and fight it as if it were an infection. This may lead the forming brain cells to settle in the wrong places. Lack of oxygen during delivery can impair brain function and result in a LD as well (NIMH, 1999). It is also a fact the LD†s seem to run in families. This may indicate a genetic link of some kind. Although LD can run in the family, there is usually a slight difference in the disability. For example, a parent that may have a writing disorder may have a child that has difficulty expressing him/herself in speech (NCLD,1999). There could be another reason why LD†s run in the family. It is possible to attribute some learning difficulties to the family environment. For example, if a parent has a disability where s/he has difficulty expressing themselves through language then they are more likely not to talk as much to their children or the language they use may be distorted or they may use the wrong words often enough so that the child is unaware the s/he is using the wrong words also. The child lacking a good model to follow when acquiring language skills may then acquire a disability of his/her own (NCLD, 1999). Another possibility is that toxins in the child†s environment may effect the development of the child†s brain in early childhood. In a study conducted by the National Institute of Health, a connection was made between the amount of lead in the environment and learning disabilities (NIMH,1999). Though many of the possible reasons a child may have developed a learning disability can not be changed, environmental causes can. Many learning disabilities are not noticed until a child enters the formal learning environment (Council for Learning Disabilities (CFLD), 1999). Therefore, teachers are often the first to observe a child†s persistent difficulties in mathematics, reading or writing and must be knowledgeable about what to look for and how to identify a LD. A student with hyperactivity is relatively easy to identify due to there impulsive behavior and excessive movement, however, what about the child who is quiet and polite or the child with above average intelligence who has been able to maintain passing grades? These children are less likely do be identified and may go unnoticed and undiagnosed. Although some children reach developmental milestones (first step, first word, ability to write one†s own name†¦ etc. ) later than others, there are a few things to keep in mind when trying to informally identify a learning disability. If a milestone is already quite delayed, if there†s a history of LD in the family or if there are several delayed skills than a teacher should notify the students parents and relay his/her concerns (CEC,1999). At this time, parents have the opportunity to have their child tested free of charge through the local public school system or they may choose to have an outside evaluation. Documentation is then brought to the school and an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is created. It is a teacher†s responsibility to implement the goals and objectives of an IEP in the classroom. Due to the individuality of each student and his/her disability, accommodations may vary among students. There are several different strategies that may help children to succeed academically. For example, printing assignments on a certain color paper or encouraging a child to use a colored overlay may significantly help them to process written information. Older students with developmental writing disorders may benefit from bringing a lap top computer to class to take notes or use for any written assignments. It may also be necessary that a student has someone to take notes for them or have assignments read to them aloud. These are just a few of the possible accommodations that may help students learn more efficiently (LDAA,1998). Insuring each child receives the best education possible is a never ending task yet it is one each teacher takes on when s/he enters the classroom. By educating oneself about the different ways students learn, having the ability to notice when there appears to be a gap in a child†s intelligence and the skills s/he has achieved and being familiar and educated about what you can do to help each child fulfill his/her potential can only make for a better educator. Management of Learning Disabilities This semester we have spent the majority of our time learning about and discussing how we can best assist exceptional students. Many of these students are individuals with learning dissabilities. Although it would be difficult for every teacher to understand the distinctions, symptoms, weaknesses and strengths of every disability, it can be very helpful to have a general knowledge of the disabilities that may hinder a student†s ability to learn. Unlike other disabilities like paralysis and blindness, a learning disability (LD) is a hidden handicap. A learning disability does not disfigure or leave visible signs that would invite others to be understanding or offer support (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Therefore as teachers it will be our responsibility to provide that understanding and support for those children already diagnosed and also be alert to the warning signs that may be symptoms of a previously undetected disability. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) describes learning disabilities as follows: LD is a disorder that effects people†s ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways. As specific difficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to school work and can impede learning to read or write or to do math. Learning disability can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases, affect many parts of a person†s life: school or work, daily routines, family life, and sometimes even friendships. In some people, many overlapping learning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a single isolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of their lives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It is important to remember that the term â€Å"learning disability† does not apply to students who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visual or hearing problems, mental retardation, emotional problems, or disadvantaged due to their environment, culture or economic background (US Department of Education (USDE), 1999). Knowing what constitutes a LD is only the beginning. Diagnosing and treating a learning disability is not a diagnosis in the same sense as diabetes or chicken pox. These have a known cause, distinct symptoms and treatments. LD, on the other hand, is a very broad term that covers an array of possible causes, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. There is no medication to â€Å"cure† a learning disability (NCLD, 1999). If seen listed, the number of disabilities may be daunting. However, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. (DSM-IV) (DSM-IV, 1994) divides LD†s into three broad categories. The first category is Developmental Speech and Language Disorders. This includes disorders where children have trouble controlling their rate of speech and may be behind their peers in learning certain speech sounds. Difficulty being able to express oneself through speech as well as trouble understanding certain aspects of speech all fall within this category (Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDAA), 1999). The second category is Academic Skills Disorders. Under this category falls Developmental Reading Disorder, more commonly known as dyslexia. Reading disorders are believed to effect 2-8% of all elementary school children(The International Dyslexia Association (IDA), 1999). Developmental Writing Disorder, where a child has difficulty with vocabulary, grammar, hand movement or memory and Developmental Arithmetic Disorder where a child has difficulty recognizing numbers and symbols and understanding abstract concepts also fall under this category. The last category is known as â€Å"other† Learning Disabilities. The most commonly known are the attention disorders. Although Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not actual learning disabilities they may have a major impact on the child†s ability to learn (CEC, 1999). Another aspect that separates a learning disability from other disabilities is that currently the cause is unclear. In the past it was believed that LD†s were the result of a single neurological problem. However recent research seems to indicate that most learning dissabilities do not stem from a specific area of the brain, but from difficulties in bringing together information from various regions of the brain (NIMH, 1999). There are several possible reasons how a child might develop these subtle disturbances in the brain. When the brain is developing as a fetus is highly vulnerable. If it†s development is disrupted early in the development that fetus may die or suffer from more severe dissabilities. If, however, the disturbance occurs later in development when the cells in the brain are becoming specialized (this is when areas associated with attention, thinking and emotion develop as well as processing sight, sound and other senses) then the result may show up as a LD as the child develops (NIMH, 1999). The use of tabacco, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy may also have damaging effects on the unborn child. Many drugs taken by the mother are passed directly onto the fetus. Babies born to mother who smoke for instance are more likely to have a low birth weight. Newborns born under weight tend to be at risk for a variety of problems one of which is a learning disability. Alcohol may distort the developing neutrons and if taken in large amounts may result in fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition that leads to intellectual impairment (NIMH,1999). Complications during pregnancy or delivery are another possible cause of a LD. In some instances the mother†s immune system will react to the fetus as a virus and fight it as if it were an infection. This may lead the forming brain cells to settle in the wrong places. Lack of oxygen during delivery can impair brain function and result in a LD as well (NIMH, 1999). It is also a fact the LD†s seem to run in families. This may indicate a genetic link of some kind. Although LD can run in the family, there is usually a slight difference in the disability. For example, a parent that may have a writing disorder may have a child that has difficulty expressing him/herself in speech (NCLD,1999). There could be another reason why LD†s run in the family. It is possible to attribute some learning difficulties to the family environment. For example, if a parent has a disability where s/he has difficulty expressing themselves through language then they are more likely not to talk as much to their children or the language they use may be distorted or they may use the wrong words often enough so that the child is unaware the s/he is using the wrong words also. The child lacking a good model to follow when acquiring language skills may then acquire a disability of his/her own (NCLD, 1999). Another possibility is that toxins in the child†s environment may effect the development of the child†s brain in early childhood. In a study conducted by the National Institute of Health, a connection was made between the amount of lead in the environment and learning disabilities (NIMH,1999). Though many of the possible reasons a child may have developed a learning disability can not be changed, environmental causes can. Many learning disabilities are not noticed until a child enters the formal learning environment (Council for Learning Disabilities (CFLD), 1999). Therefore, teachers are often the first to observe a child†s persistent difficulties in mathematics, reading or writing and must be knowledgeable about what to look for and how to identify a LD. A student with hyperactivity is relatively easy to identify due to there impulsive behavior and excessive movement, however, what about the child who is quiet and polite or the child with above average intelligence who has been able to maintain passing grades? These children are less likely do be identified and may go unnoticed and undiagnosed. Although some children reach developmental milestones (first step, first word, ability to write one†s own name†¦ etc. ) later than others, there are a few things to keep in mind when trying to informally identify a learning disability. If a milestone is already quite delayed, if there†s a history of LD in the family or if there are several delayed skills than a teacher should notify the students parents and relay his/her concerns (CEC,1999). At this time, parents have the opportunity to have their child tested free of charge through the local public school system or they may choose to have an outside evaluation. Documentation is then brought to the school and an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is created. It is a teacher†s responsibility to implement the goals and objectives of an IEP in the classroom. Due to the individuality of each student and his/her disability, accommodations may vary among students. There are several different strategies that may help children to succeed academically. For example, printing assignments on a certain color paper or encouraging a child to use a colored overlay may significantly help them to process written information. Older students with developmental writing disorders may benefit from bringing a lap top computer to class to take notes or use for any written assignments. It may also be necessary that a student has someone to take notes for them or have assignments read to them aloud. These are just a few of the possible accommodations that may help students learn more efficiently (LDAA,1998). Insuring each child receives the best education possible is a never ending task yet it is one each teacher takes on when s/he enters the classroom. By educating oneself about the different ways students learn, having the ability to notice when there appears to be a gap in a child†s intelligence and the skills s/he has achieved and being familiar and educated about what you can do to help each child fulfill his/her potential can only make for a better educator.

The lovely Bones

The setting of the novel shows us that the worst things can happen when we least expect It and to the people who least deserve It. The author Alice Sobbed' strategically wrote the setting the way It Is to help readers realize that they should always be careful about whom they trust and to show that tragedies Like these do and did happen. Plot The storyline of this book is based around the fight for family and in particular the willingness to let go of the past and live within the present. We follow a young girls horrific story and we watch her as she struggles to leave earth and enjoy heaven.This girls name was Susie Salmon; she was fourteen years old when she was murdered on December 6th 1973, We follow not only her Journey but also her implies' as they both try to cope and come to terms with this horrifying circumstance. We learn that we should not take advantage of what you have and to be thankful for what we already do have. At the innocent age of fourteen Susie Salmon was lured into a hidden underground room by her neighbor Mr.. Harvey. Susie was raped and killed by this sick man who was surprisingly a trusted individual throughout the community.He had a mental disease and had killed many other girls before Susie. The youngest being only six years old. We watch as Useless family falls apart and also learn how much love a father can have for his daughter. This is evident, as her dad never lets go of his beautiful daughters memory we witness his determination to put Issue's soul to rest as he continues to search and expose her killer. Mr.. Harvey never gets caught although he dies as a result of karma, which is what the author ‘Alice Sobbed' alms to portray at the end of this novel.Although the most Important lesson shown Is how hard It Is to let go of a life that was unfairly taken away, by a man who does not deserve to have one. Characters Susie Salmon Susie was a fun and bright girl who loved two things her photography and her family. Although this all changed on December 6th 1973 when she was beaten, raped and murdered in the cornfields by Mr.. Harvey her neighbor. She used to be full of love and extremely vibrant. Although after this traumatic experience which put her life to an unexpected and extremely early stop her whole personality changes.She struggles to accept the fact that she can no longer continue with the life she once had. Susie finds it very difficult to except the fact that Mr.. Harvey can continue through life and she has to watch her loves ones suffer. She shows her frustration wrought sending messages to her father who is in desperate search of his little girls killer. Although she soon learns that everything happens for a reason and life will Mr.. Harvey Mr.. Harvey is a thirty six year old man who is responsible for both the rape and murder of young Susie Salmon.He is a very important although evil character thorough this traumatic although eye opening novel. As Susie is between earth and heaven she watche s over her loved ones. By choice she very rarely watches over Mr.. Harvey but the only time she ever seems to notice him is when he is thinking about re or getting close to her family. Throughout this novel we begin to re-live Mr.. Harvey's childhood we learn that he had a mother who taught him how to steal and an abusive father who did not have a proper Job like all the other children.His life was far from perfect and once he saw that The Salmons had a life he always dreamt of having. He felt the need to ruin it and destroy something that he never had the privilege of having. All in all Mr.. Harvey was motivated by Jealousy as he believed that a young innocent girl who had her whole life ahead of her did not deserve the reveille of having a loving family. So instead of improving his own life he decided to destroy someone else's. Themes There are a various amount of themes associated with this particular novel such as the fight for family and most importantly love.In this heart wren ching novel we are shown the different and opposite types of families. The salmon family are loving, supportive and happy although Mr.. Harvey lives alone and had a very tough and unloved upbringing. Mr.. Harvey finds it hard to believe that even though the salmons have lost a much-loved member of the family, hey still manage to get through and keep the bond they all shared with or without Susie. The novel is based heavily upon the Salmon family rebuilding their once perfect lives after the horrific murder of both a daughter and sister.As we continue through the novel we see vast amounts of love through both family and friends. Issue's little sister Lindsey begins to fall in-love with a young boy called Samuel. As Susie watches over her little sister growing up she cannot help but be envious of her, because she was never able to experience such feelings. Although we o not only watch love blossom unfortunately we also see former loves come crumbling down. As you would expect the stra in of losing a loved one can either make relationships stronger or weaker.Unfortunately Issue's parents were unable to cope, her mum left for a year to go work in a winery and deal with her pain alone and in her own time. Although at the end she comes back and Issue's parents fall in love all over again. Author's Techniques The time frame has strategically been set through 1973 to 1981 because back in this particular day and age murder and or rape was unfamiliar and in most cases an unheard of crime. It could also be the fact that we did not have the resources we needed back then to catch killers and rapists as there was no DNA testing during this time in our history.The author ‘Alice Sobbed' has set the book in this time because the death of this young adult took many by surprise and it was unjust but also common that Mr.. Harvey was never caught and convicted. Although one particular use of symbolism stood out the most. Mr.. Harvey kept the bracelet young Susie wore the nigh t she was murdered. The author uses the bracelet to symbolism Susie Salmon and the fact that even though she cannot be seen or eared she is still there, watching and missing everything she was not able to experience in life.Evaluation The novel ‘The lovely bones' is an amazing story of a young girls unfairly shortened life. We see evidence of symbolism, point of view and many other techniques used by the author. It shows us that family is in most cases are the people you can trust the most. Susie had so much more living to do; which allows the novel to make you frustrated although it also makes readers feel thankful for the opportunities and life they are fortunate enough to have. The Lovely Bones Sobbed cleverly developed the characters of the narrative by using literary devices such as iris person narration, flashbacks, imagery and tone in order to connect her audience with the characters and therefore sympathize with them. Sobbed uses first person narration, with the narrative being told from the perspective of Susie Salmon. This Is a technique used by Sobbed, as she has created Issue's voice to be conversational rather than formal to create sympathy with her.Susie retells the events that took place before and after her death, sharing with us her thoughts opinions and feelings to allow the reader to Identify with her and sympathies with her as the poor Innocent victim whose only wish Is to grow up. For example, when Susie tells the reader about each person having different versions of Heaven which give them their desires, she says â€Å"l could not have what I wanted most: Mr.. Harvey dead and me living. † Susie is able to see everything by looking down from Heaven, therefore she has the knowledge of all that has taken place and in addition the ability to read into the minds of other characters.For example, when Susie watches Ray Sings looking at her photo, she says â€Å"What did dead mean, Ray wondered. It meant lost, it meant frozen, it meant gone. † This provides a greater perspective for the deader, and therefore an opportunity to identify the situation and sympathies with other characters also. Another literary technique Sobbed uses Is flashbacks, which Jump back In time from the current point in the story to past events that have taken place in Issue's life to help develop characters. For example, when Mr.. Harvey kisses Susie, she flashes back to her first kiss with Ray Sings. Mr.. Harvey started to press his lips against mine. They were blubbery and wet and I wanted to scream but I was too afraid and too exhausted from the fight. Had been kissed once by someone I liked. His name was Ray and he was Indian. † This flashback helps to develop Issue's character. Similarly, this technique is used to develop Mr.. Harvey, who was taught to steal by his mother, abandoned by her, and raised by his tyrannical father. Although we do not sympathies with Mr.. Harvey, knowing this creates an understanding that he was once innocent, forcing the readers to see him as more human.Flashbacks are also used to contrast changes In characters before and after Issue's death. For example, Susie flashes back to the time she and her happy father Jack built ships In bottles before she died: way the strings he'd raised the mast with, and I would wait for him, recognizing the tension of that moment when the world in the bottle depended, solely, on me. † However, this is contrasted with the broken man he becomes because he feels he failed his daughter. Susie watches him waking up in the morning and tells: â€Å"The guilt on him, the hand of god pressing down on him saying, you were not there when your daughter needed you. So bbed also uses imagery and tone as tools to further develop sympathy for the characters. The tone Sobbed uses is very blunt, direct and void of feeling, which implements her cold, chilling descriptions, evoking a strong emotional reaction from her readers. For example, after Susie is murdered, she retells: â€Å"He had put me in a waxy cloth sack and thrown in the shaving cream and razor from the mud ledge, his book of sonnets, and finally the bloody knife, tumbled together with my knees, fingers and toes. † This creates the visualization of Mr..Harvey carving up her body and tossing it about carelessly, which combined with the unsentimental tones creates a very sympathetic response from the reader. These various sensory images are also seed by Sobbed as a method of developing characters. For example, when Susie reflects on her heartbeat against Mr.. Harvey's during the rape, she says: â€Å"Mine skipped like a rabbit, and his thudded like a hammer against cloth,† cont rasting Issue's gentle nature to Mr.. Harvey's violent one, creating sympathy for Susie. Another literary technique used to create sympathy with the characters of ‘The Lovely Bones' is irony. For example, when Mr..Harvey brings Mrs.. Flanagan the safe holding the dead body of Susie, which is to be disposed of, Mrs.. Flanagan says: â€Å"What do you eave in here? A dead body? † The reader knows that there is in fact a dead body inside, although Mrs.. Flanagan does not. This ensures the reader does not sympathize with Mr.. Harvey, as he is able to blatantly lie, and enables the reader to feel sympathy for Susie. Susie was always afraid as a little girl that the sinkhole would swallow her, and then ironically it really did when Mr.. Harvey buried her there in the Iron safe. This creates sympathy for Susie because it was her childhood fear.Irony is also used to sympathize with Issue's father Jack, who ironically goes into the lied to kill the person he believes is Mr.. Harv ey, but is attacked himself. We also feel sympathy for Jack when he ironically comes to the same realization Susie did when they saw the photograph of Abigail, that she was unhappy in her marriage with him. Seabed's literary techniques helped to develop sympathy for her characters, solidifying the interest of her readers. The first-person narration, flashbacks, imagery, tone and irony techniques brought the narrative to life and I could easily identify and sympathize with Susie. Word Count: 1002